Maybe I Should Start Obsessing Over Wendy Again.

Volume and play by J. M. Barrie

Peter Pan; or, the Male child Who Wouldn't Grow Upwards
1904 programme for original play at the Duke of York'southward Theatre, London
Written by	J. Yard. Barrie
Date premiered	27 December 1904
Original language	English

Peter and Wendy

Title folio, 1911 United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland edition
Writer	J. M. Barrie
Illustrator	F. D. Bedford
Country	United kingdom of great britain and northern ireland
Linguistic communication	English language
Genre	Fantasy
Publisher	Hodder & Stoughton (Uk) Charles Scribner'due south Sons (US)
Media blazon	Print
Pages	267 pp.; Frontispiece and eleven half-tone plates
Preceded by	The Little White Bird Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens
Text	Peter and Wendy at Wikisource

Peter Pan; or, the Boy Who Wouldn't Abound Up or Peter and Wendy , often known just equally Peter Pan , is a work by J. K. Barrie, in the course of a 1904 play and a 1911 novel. Both versions tell the story of Peter Pan, a mischievous yet innocent little boy who can fly, and has many adventures on the isle of Neverland that is inhabited past mermaids, fairies, Native Americans, and pirates. The Peter Pan stories also involve the characters Wendy Darling and her two brothers John and Michael, Peter'southward fairy Tinker Bong, the Lost Boys, and the pirate Captain Hook. The play and novel were inspired past Barrie'south friendship with the Llewelyn Davies family. Barrie continued to revise the play for years later its debut until publication of the play script in 1928.

The play debuted at the Duke of York'south Theatre in London on 27 December 1904 with Nina Boucicault, daughter of the playwright Dion Boucicault, in the title office. A Broadway production was mounted in 1905 starring Maude Adams. Information technology was later revived with such actresses as Marilyn Miller and Eva Le Gallienne. The play has since been adapted as a pantomime, a stage musical, a television special, and several films, including a 1924 silent movie, the 1953 Disney animated film, and a 2003 live action product. The play is now rarely performed in its original form on stage in the Uk, whereas pantomime adaptations are often staged around Christmas. In the U.S., the original version has also been supplanted in popularity by the 1954 musical version, which became popular on television.

The novel was first published in 1911 past Hodder & Stoughton in the United kingdom, and Charles Scribner'due south Sons in the US. The original book contains a frontispiece and eleven half-tone plates past the artist F. D. Bedford (whose illustrations are however under copyright in the EU). The novel was first abridged by May Byron in 1915, with Barrie'south permission, and published under the championship Peter Pan and Wendy, the first time this form was used. This version was later illustrated past Mabel Lucie Attwell in 1921. In 1929, Barrie gave the copyright of the Peter Pan works to Great Ormond Street Infirmary, a children'southward hospital in London.

Background [edit]

Barrie created Peter Pan in stories he told to the sons of his friend Sylvia Llewelyn Davies, with whom he had forged a special relationship. Mrs. Llewelyn Davies's death from cancer came inside a few years later the decease of her husband; Barrie was a co-guardian of the boys, and unofficially adopted them.^{[1] : 45–47}

The character's name comes from two sources: Peter Llewelyn Davies, one of the boys, and Pan, the mischievous Greek god of the woodlands.^{[two] : Chapter 5} Andrew Birkin has suggested that the inspiration for the character was Barrie'southward elder brother David, whose decease in a skating accident at the age of fourteen deeply afflicted their mother. According to Birkin, the death was "a catastrophe across belief, and i from which she never fully recovered. If Margaret Ogilvy [Barrie's mother as the heroine of his 1896 novel of that title] drew a mensurate of comfort from the notion that David, in dying a boy, would remain a boy for ever, Barrie drew inspiration."^{[1] : 3–5}

The Peter Pan grapheme beginning appeared in impress in the 1902 novel The Fiddling White Bird, written for adults.^{[1] : 47} The graphic symbol was next used in the stage play Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Wouldn't Abound Upwardly, which premiered in London on 27 Dec 1904 and became an instant success.^[three] In 1906, the chapters of The Footling White Bird that featured the graphic symbol of Peter Pan were published as the volume Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens, with illustrations by Arthur Rackham.

Barrie and so adapted the play into the 1911 novel Peter and Wendy, often now published simply every bit Peter Pan. The original draft of the play was entitled simply Betimes: A Play. Barrie's working titles for it included The Great White Father and Peter Pan, or The Boy Who Hated Mothers. Producer Charles Frohman disliked the title on the manuscript, in answer to which Barrie reportedly suggested The Boy Who Couldn't Grow Upwardly; Frohman suggested changing information technology to Wouldn't and dropping The Great White Begetter every bit a title.^{[i] : 105}

Plot summary [edit]

Although the grapheme appeared previously in Barrie'due south book The Piffling White Bird, the play and its novelisation contain the story of Peter Pan mythos that is best known. The two versions differ in some details of the story, but have much in common. In both versions Peter makes dark-time calls on the Darlings' house in Bloomsbury,^[4] listening in on Mrs. Mary Darling's bedtime stories past the open window. One night Peter is spotted and, while trying to escape, he loses his shadow. On returning to claim it, Peter wakes Mary's daughter, Wendy Darling. Wendy succeeds in re-attaching his shadow to him, and Peter learns that she knows many bedtime stories. He invites her to Neverland to be a mother to his gang, the Lost Boys, children who were lost in Kensington Gardens. Wendy agrees, and her brothers John and Michael go along.

Their magical flight to Neverland is followed by many adventures. The children are blown out of the air by a cannon and Wendy is nearly killed by the Lost Male child Tootles. Peter and the Lost Boys build a little house for Wendy to live in while she recuperates (a type of structure that to this day is chosen a Wendy house). Soon John and Michael prefer the ways of the Lost Boys.

Peter welcomes Wendy to his underground dwelling, and she immediately assumes the role of mother figure. Peter takes the Darlings on several adventures, the first truly dangerous i occurring at Mermaids' Lagoon. At Mermaids' Lagoon, Peter and the Lost Boys salve the Indian chief's daughter, Tiger Lily, and become involved in a battle with the pirates, including the evil Captain Hook, Peter's nemesis. He is named after the hook that replaced his correct paw that Peter cut off in a fight. From thereon, Hook has been hunted by the crocodile which ate his hand after it cruel into the water and at present wants to consume the rest of him. The crocodile besides swallowed a ticking clock, so Hook is wary of all ticking sounds. Peter is wounded when Hook claws him. He believes he volition die, stranded on a rock when the tide is rising, but he views death as "an clumsily large take a chance". Luckily, the Neverbird allows him to utilise her nest as a boat, and Peter sails home.

In gratitude for Peter saving Tiger Lily, her tribe guards his home from the next imminent pirate assault. Meanwhile, Wendy begins to fall in love with Peter and asks him what kind of feelings he has for her. Peter says that he is like her faithful son. Ane mean solar day while telling stories to the Lost Boys and her brothers, John and Michael, Wendy recalls her parents and then decides to take them dorsum and render to England. Unfortunately, and unbeknownst to Peter, Wendy and the boys are captured by Captain Hook, who likewise tries to poisonous substance Peter'southward medicine while the boy is asleep. When Peter awakes, he learns from the fairy Tinker Bell that Wendy has been kidnapped – in an effort to please Wendy, he goes to drink his medicine. Tink does not have fourth dimension to warn him of the poison, and instead drinks it herself, causing her near death. Tink tells him she could exist saved if children believed in fairies. In ane of the play's virtually famous moments, Peter turns to the audience watching the play and begs those who believe in fairies to handclapping their hands.

Peter heads to the ship. On the way, he encounters the ticking crocodile; Peter decides to copy the tick, so any animals will recognise it and leave him unharmed. He does not realise that he is still ticking equally he boards the ship, where Hook cowers, mistaking him for the crocodile. While the pirates are searching for the croc, Peter sneaks into the motel to steal the keys and frees the Lost Boys. When the pirates investigate a dissonance in the cabin, Peter defeats them. When he finally reveals himself, he and Hook begin the climactic boxing, which Peter easily wins. He kicks Claw into the jaws of the waiting crocodile, and Hook dies with the satisfaction that Peter had literally kicked him off the ship, which Hook considers "bad form". Then Peter takes command of the ship, and sails the seas back to London.

In the end, Wendy decides that her identify is at home, much to the joy of her heartsick female parent. Wendy and so brings all the boys but Peter back to London. Before Wendy and her brothers get in at their house, Peter flies ahead, to try and bar the window so Wendy volition think her female parent has forgotten her. But when he learns of Mrs. Darling's distress, he bitterly leaves the window open and flies away. Peter returns briefly, and he meets Mrs. Darling, who has agreed to adopt the Lost Boys. She offers to adopt Peter as well, but Peter refuses, afraid they will "catch him and make him a human." It is hinted that Mary Darling knew Peter when she was a girl, considering she is left slightly changed when Peter leaves.

Peter promises to return for Wendy every spring. The final scene of the play takes identify a year later when nosotros see Wendy preparing to go back abode after the spring-cleaning has taken place. It is stated that Tinker Bong has died during this year since fairies are naturally short-lived creatures. Even so, Peter has already forgotten about Tinker Bell, the Lost Boys and fifty-fifty Hook when Wendy returns, and he does not understand Wendy'southward contemplative wish that she could take him back with her. According to the narrator of the play "It has something to practise with the riddle of his being. If he could go the hang of the thing his cry might become "To live would be an awfully big adventure!""

Epilogue [edit]

4 years subsequently the premiere of the original production of Peter Pan, Barrie wrote an additional scene entitled When Wendy Grew Upwardly. An Reconsideration, later included in the final chapter of Peter and Wendy, and later even so published as a separate work in 1957.^[5]

In this scene, Peter returns for Wendy years later, merely she is now grown up with a daughter of her own named Jane. It is also revealed Wendy married ane of the Lost Boys, although this is not mentioned in the novel, and information technology is never revealed which 1 she did marry (in the original draft of the play, it is mentioned that she married Tootles, although Barrie omitted this before publication). When Peter learns that Wendy has "betrayed" him past growing up, he is heartbroken until Jane agrees to come up to Neverland as Peter'southward new mother. In the novel'due south final few sentences, Barrie mentions that Jane has grown upwards as well and that Peter now takes her girl Margaret to Neverland. Barrie says this bicycle volition go on forever as long every bit children are "gay and innocent and heartless".

An Reconsideration is only occasionally used in productions of the play, only was included in the musical production starring Mary Martin, and provided the premise for Disney's sequel to their animated accommodation of the story, Render to Never Country.^{[6] : 230} This epilogue was filmed for the 2003 film but non included in the concluding version, though a crude cut of the sequence was included every bit an extra on the DVD of the movie.

Characters [edit]

Peter Pan [edit]

Peter Pan is i of the protagonists of the play and the novel. He is described in the novel as a young boy who still has all his start teeth; he wears clothes fabricated of leaves (autumn leaves in the play, skeleton leaves in the novel) and plays the pipes. He is the only boy able to wing without the help of Tinker Bong's fairy dust. He has refused to grow upwardly and distrusts mothers equally he felt betrayed by his ain mother. He cares about Wendy, but can only see her as a motherly effigy, not equally a sweetheart. Barrie attributes this to "the riddle of his very beingness".

Darling family [edit]

Wendy Darling past Oliver Herford, "The Peter Pan Alphabet", Charles Scribner's Sons, New York, 1907.

According to Barrie's description of the Darlings' house,^[iv] the family lives in Bloomsbury, London.

• Wendy Darling – Wendy is the eldest child, their only daughter, and the protagonist of the novel. She loves the idea of homemaking and storytelling and wants to get a female parent; her dreams consist of adventures in a little woodland house with her pet wolf. She bears a chip of (common) antagonism toward Tiger Lily because of their similar affections toward Peter. She does not seem to experience the aforementioned way most Tinker Bell, but the fairy is constantly bad-mouthing her and fifty-fifty tries to accept her killed. At the finish of the novel, she has grown upwards and is married with a daughter (Jane) and a granddaughter (Margaret). She is portrayed variously with blonde, brownish, or black hair in different stories. While information technology is not clear whether or non she is in dearest with Peter, one can assume that she does take some feelings toward him. Wendy is oftentimes referred to equally the "female parent" of the Lost Boys and, while Peter also considers her to be his "mother", he takes on the "father" role, hinting that they play a married couple in their games.

Several writers accept stated that Barrie was the commencement to use the name Wendy in a published piece of work, and that the source of the name was Barrie's childhood friend, Margaret Henley, four-yr-sometime daughter of poet William Ernest Henley, who pronounced the word "friend" equally "Fwiendy", adapted by Barrie as "Wendy" in writing the play.^{[seven] : 231} There is some prove that the name Wendy may exist related to the Welsh name Gwendolyn,^[8] and it is as well used as a atomic variant of the eastern European name "Wanda",^[9] but prior to its utilise in the Peter Pan stories, the proper noun was not used as an independent first proper noun.^[10]

• John Darling – John is the middle child. He gets along well with Wendy, but he often argues with Michael. He is fascinated with pirates, and he one time thought of becoming "Redhanded Jack". He dreams of living in an inverted boat on the sands, where he has no friends and spends his fourth dimension shooting flamingos. He looks upwardly to Peter Pan, just at times they clash due to Peter'southward nature of showing off. He too looks up to his father and dreams of running his firm one day when he is grown up. The graphic symbol of John was named after Jack Llewelyn Davies.
• Michael Darling – Michael is the youngest child. He is approximately five years sometime, as he still wears the pinafores young Edwardian boys vesture. He looks up to John and Wendy, dreaming of living in a wigwam where his friends visit at night. He was named after Michael Llewelyn Davies.
• Mr. and Mrs. Darling – George and Mary Darling are the children'south loving parents. Mr. Darling is a pompous, blustering clerk in the Metropolis merely kind at heart. Mary Darling is described as an intelligent, romantic lady. It is hinted that she knew Peter Pan before her children were born. Mr. Darling was named afterward the eldest Llewelyn Davies boy, George, and Mrs. Darling was named later Mary Ansell, Barrie'southward wife, although their personalities were based on Arthur and Sylvia Llewelyn Davies.^{[eleven] : fifteen} In the stage version, the roles of Mr. Darling and Captain Hook are traditionally played by the same role player.
• Nana is a Newfoundland dog who is employed as a nanny by the Darling family. Nana does not speak or do anything beyond the physical capabilities of a big dog, but acts with apparent understanding of her responsibilities. The character is played in stage productions by an actor in a dog costume. Barrie based the graphic symbol of Nana on his domestic dog Luath, a Newfoundland.^{[12] [ unreliable source? ]}
• Liza is the maidservant of the Darling family unit. She appears only in the first human activity, except in the 1954 musical in which she sees the Darling children wing off with Peter; when she tries stopping them, Michael sprinkles her with fairy grit and she ends up in Neverland. She returns with the children at the end. She is given two musical numbers in this adaptation.

Lost Boys [edit]

• Tootles – Tootles is the humblest Lost Boy considering he often misses out on their vehement adventures. Although he is oft stupid, he is ever the outset to defend Wendy. Ironically, he shoots her before meeting her for the first time because of Tinker Bell'south trickery. He grows up to become a judge.
• Nibs – Nibs is described as "gay and debonair", probably the bravest Lost Boy. He says the merely thing he remembers about his mother is she ever wanted a cheque-volume; he says he would love to requite her one...if he knew what a check-book was. He's also the oldest and all-time looking Lost Boy.
• Slightly – Slightly is the near complacent because he believes he remembers the days before he was "lost". He is the only Lost Male child who "knows" his last name – he says his pinafore had the words "Slightly Soiled" written on the tag. He cuts whistles from the branches of copse, and dances to tunes he creates himself. Slightly is, apparently, a poor make-believer. He blows large breaths when he feels he is in problem, and he eventually leads to Peter's most-downfall.
• Curly – Curly is the most troublesome Lost Boy. In Disney'southward version of the story, he became "Cubby".
• The Twins – Beginning and 2d Twin know footling about themselves – they are not allowed to, because Peter Pan does not know what Twins are (he thinks that twins are two parts of the same person, which, while not correct, is right in the sense that the Twins finish each other's sentences (at least, in the movie accommodation).

Inhabitants of Neverland [edit]

• Tiger Lily is the proud, beautiful princess of the Piccaninny tribe who are portrayed in a mode now regarded as stereotypical.^[13] Barrie portrayed them as primitive, warlike savages who spoke with guttural voice tones.^[thirteen] She is apparently sometime enough to be married, but refuses whatever suitors considering she has feelings towards Peter. She is jealous of Wendy and Tinker Bell. Tiger Lily is virtually killed by Captain Hook when she is seen boarding the Jolly Roger with a knife in her mouth, but Peter saves her.
• Tinker Bell is Peter Pan's fairy. She is described as a common fairy who mends pots and kettles and, though she is sometimes ill-behaved and vindictive, at other times she is helpful and kind to Peter (for whom she has romantic feelings). The extremes in her personality are explained by the fact that a fairy's size prevents her from holding more than 1 feeling at a time. In Barrie's book, by Peter's first annual return for Wendy, the boy has forgotten almost Tinker Bell and suggests that she "is no more" for fairies exercise non live long.
• Helm James Hook The main antagonist, a vengeful pirate who lives to kill Peter Pan, non then much because Peter cutting off his correct hand, just because the boy is "cocky" and drives the genteel pirate to "madness". He is captain of the transport Jolly Roger. He attended Eton Higher before becoming a pirate and is obsessed with "good form". Hook meets his demise when a crocodile eats him. In the stage version, the same role player who plays Mr. Darling also plays this character.
• Mr. Smee is an Irish nonconformist pirate. He is the boatswain of the Jolly Roger. Smee is one of only two pirates to survive Peter Pan's massacre. He and then makes his living saying he was the just man James Hook always feared.
• Gentleman Starkey was once an conductor at a public school. He is Captain Hook'south first mate. Starkey is i of 2 pirates who escaped Peter Pan'south massacre – he swims ashore and becomes baby-sitter to the Piccaninny Tribe. Peter Pan gives Starkey'due south hat to the Never Bird to utilise as a nest.
• Fairies – In the novel Peter and Wendy, published in 1911, at that place are other fairies in Neverland as well Tinker Bell. In the function of the story where Peter Pan and the Lost Boys congenital a house for Wendy on Neverland, Peter Pan stays up late that dark to guard her from the pirates, but then the story says: "Afterwards a fourth dimension he cruel asleep, and some unsteady fairies had to climb over him on their way abode from an orgy. Any of the other boys obstructing the fairy path at night they would have mischiefed, but they merely tweaked Peter's nose and passed on." In the early 20th century, the word "orgy" mostly referred to a large group of people consuming alcohol.^{[seven] : 132}
• Mermaids who live in the waters near Neverland reside within the Mermaids' Lagoon. They are described as beingness very cute and mysterious creatures but equally just every bit vain and malevolent. Barrie states in the novel Peter and Wendy that the mermaids are just friendly to Peter, and that they volition intentionally splash or even attempt to drown anyone else if they come close enough. It is especially unsafe for mortals to get to Mermaids' Lagoon at night, considering that'southward when the mermaids sing hauntingly in the moonlight and utter foreign wailing cries to attract potential victims.
• The Crocodile is Helm Hook'south nemesis. During a sword fight, Peter cut off Hook's right paw and fed information technology to a crocodile which followed Hook ever since, hungering for more. The crocodile likewise swallowed a clock, whose ticking warns Claw of its presence. At the stop of the story, Captain Hook falls into the crocodile'south mouth and is swallowed whole.

Major themes [edit]

The play'south subtitle "The Male child Who Wouldn't Grow Up" underscores the primary theme: the conflict between the innocence of babyhood and the responsibility of adulthood. Peter has chosen not to make the transition from 1 to the other, and encourages the other children to do the same. Withal, the opening line of the novel, "All children, except one, grow up", and the decision of the story indicates that this wish is unrealistic, and at that place is an chemical element of tragedy in the alternative.^{[14] [ page needed ]}

Barrie was very perspicacious in noticing many aspects of children's mental evolution decades earlier they were studied by cerebral psychologists. In detail, Peter lacks the mental capacity for secondary mental representation and cannot recollect the past, anticipate the time to come, consider two things at in one case or see things from another person'southward bespeak of view. He is therefore amnesic, inconsequential, impulsive and callous.^{[15] [ page needed ]}

In that location is a slight romantic attribute to the story, which is sometimes played downward or omitted completely. Wendy's flirtatious desire to kiss Peter, his desire for a mother figure, his conflicting feelings for Wendy, Tiger Lily, and Tinker Bong (each representing different female archetypes), and the symbolism of his fight with Captain Claw (traditionally played by the aforementioned actor as Wendy's father), all could possibly hint at a Freudian interpretation (encounter Oedipus complex).^[16] Most children'due south adaptations of the play, including the 1953 Disney pic, omit whatsoever romantic themes between Wendy and Peter, simply Barrie's 1904 original, his 1911 novelisation, the 1954 Mary Martin musical, and the 1924 and 2003 feature films all hint at the romantic elements.

Jeffrey Howard has noted its existential motifs, claiming that Peter Pan is a "precautionary tale for those who fear the responsibilities of living, and the uncertainties of dying," which explores concepts like the inevitability of expiry, freedom to create our lives, breach, and the notion that existence lacks any obvious or inherent meaning.^[17]

Stage productions [edit]

The original phase production took place at the Duke of York's Theatre in London's Westward End on 27 Dec 1904. Information technology starred Gerald du Maurier as Helm Hook and Mr. Darling, and Nina Boucicault equally Peter.^[18] Members of Peter's Band were Joan Burnett (Tootles), Christine Silverish (Nibs), A.W. Baskcomb (Slightly), Alice DuBarry (Curly), Pauline Chase (1st twin), Phyllis Beadon (second twin). Also du Maurier, the pirates were: George Shelton (Smee), Sidney Harcourt (Gentleman Starkey), Charles Trevor (Cookson), Frederick Annerley (Cecco), Hubert Willis (Mullins), James English language (Jukes), John Kelt (Noodler). Philip Darwin played Bully Big Little Panther, Miriam Nesbitt was Tiger Lily, and Ela Q. May played Liza, (credited ironically equally "Writer of the Play"). First Pirate was played by Gerald Malvern, Second Pirate by J. Grahame, Black Pirate by S. Spencer, Crocodile by A. Ganker & C. Lawton, and the Ostrich by G. Henson.

Tinker Bell was represented on phase past a darting light "created past a small mirror held in the hand off-stage and reflecting a little circle of light from a powerful lamp"^[19] and her voice was "a collar of bells and two special ones that Barrie brought from Switzerland". Yet, a Miss "Jane Wren" or "Jenny Wren" was listed among the cast on the programmes of the original productions as playing Tinker Bell: this was meant as a joke that fooled H.Thousand. Inspector of Taxes, who sent her a tax demand.^[20]

It is traditional in productions of Peter Pan for Mr. Darling (the children'southward father) and Captain Hook to be played (or voiced) past the same actor. Although this was originally done simply to brand full use of the role player (the characters appear in unlike sections of the story) with no thematic intent, some critics accept perceived a similarity between the two characters as central figures in the lives of the children. It also brings a poignant juxtaposition between Mr. Darling'south harmless bluster and Captain Claw's pompous vanity.^[21]

Cecilia Loftus played Peter in the 1905–1906 production. Pauline Chase took the role from the 1906–07 London season until 1914 while Zena Dare was Peter on tour during virtually of that period. Jean Forbes-Robertson became a well-known Pan in London in the 1920s and 1930s.^{[6] : 151–53}

Post-obit the success of his original London production, Charles Frohman mounted a production in New York City at the Empire Theatre in 1905. The 1905 Broadway product starred Maude Adams, who would play the office on and off again for more than a decade and, in the U.Southward., was the model for the character for more than 100 years afterwards.^[22] Information technology was produced again in the U.S. by the Civic Repertory Theater in November 1928 and December 1928, in which Eva Le Gallienne directed and played the role of Peter Pan. Her product was the offset where Peter flew out over the heads of the audience.^{[half dozen] : 173} Among musical theatre adaptations, the most famous in the U.S. has been the 1954 American musical version directed past Jerome Robbins and starring Mary Martin, which was afterwards videotaped for television and rebroadcast several times.^[23] Martin became the actress most associated with the function in the U.S. for several decades, although Sandy Duncan and Cathy Rigby each later toured extensively in this version and became well known in the role.^[24]

Adaptations [edit]

The story of Peter Pan has been a pop one for accommodation into other media. The story and its characters have been used as the basis for a number of movement pictures (alive action and animated), stage musicals, television programs, a ballet, and ancillary media and merchandise. The best known of these are the 1953 animated feature film produced by Walt Disney featuring the voice of 15-twelvemonth-old moving picture actor Bobby Driscoll (one of the first male actors in the title function, which was traditionally played by women); the serial of musical productions (and their televised presentations) starring Mary Martin, Sandy Duncan, and Cathy Rigby; and the 2003 live-activity feature pic directed past P. J. Hogan starring Jeremy Sumpter and Jason Isaacs.

There take been several additions to Peter Pan'south story, including the authorised sequel novel Peter Pan in Scarlet, and the high-profile sequel films Return to Never Land and Hook. Various characters from the story have appeared in other places, especially Tinker Bell as a mascot and character of Disney. The characters are in the public domain in some jurisdictions, leading to unauthorised extensions to the mythos and uses of the characters. Some of these have been controversial, such equally a series of prequels by Dave Barry and Ridley Pearson, and Lost Girls, a sexually explicit graphic novel by Alan Moore and Melinda Gebbie, featuring Wendy Darling and the heroines of The Wonderful Magician of Oz and Alice'south Adventures in Wonderland.

In popular culture [edit]

• In the catastrophe of the 1991 flick Star Trek Vi: The Undiscovered Land, where the USS Enterprise-A is nigh to be decommissioned, Kirk quotes the line, "the second star to the right, and direct on 'til morning", from the Disney pic (not the original story).^[25]
• A segment celebrating British children's literature at the opening anniversary of the London 2012 Olympic Games is named "Second to the correct and straight on till morning" (it begins with J. K. Rowling reading the opening passage from J. M. Barrie'due south novel).^{[26] [27]}

Criticism and controversy [edit]

At that place has been controversy surrounding some aspects of the novel and its subsequent adaptations. Critics have argued that the novel has racist undertones, specifically in the example of the "redskins" tribe to which Tiger Lily belongs as their "princess",^{[eleven] : 69} who refer to Peter equally "the bully white father". Afterward screen adaptations have taken various approaches to these characters, sometimes presenting them as racial caricatures, omitting them, attempting to nowadays them more than authentically, or reframing them as another kind of "exotic" people.^[28]

Copyright status [edit]

The copyright status of the story of Peter Pan and its characters has been the subject of dispute, specially as the original version began to enter the public domain in various jurisdictions. In 1929, Barrie gave the copyright to the works featuring Peter Pan to Great Ormond Street Infirmary (GOSH), Britain's leading children'due south hospital, and requested that the value of the gift should never be disclosed; this gift was confirmed in his volition. GOSH has exercised these rights internationally to assist support the piece of work of the institution.

United Kingdom [edit]

The UK copyright in the 1904 play and the 1911 book originally expired at the terminate of 1987 (50 years after Barrie'south death) but was revived in 1995 following the directive to harmonise copyright laws inside the EU which extended the term to the end of 2007.^[29]

However, in spite of the fact that the play's copyright has expired, the Copyright, Designs and Patents Human activity 1988 includes a statutory provision granting royalties in perpetuity to Great Ormond Street Hospital. Specifically, the deed provides that the hospital trustees are entitled to a royalty "in respect of any public performance, commercial publication or communication to the public of the whole or any substantial part of [the play] or an adaptation of it."^[30] The act provides a right to receive royalties but, and does not extend to other typical intellectual holding rights such equally creative control over the use of the material or the right to decline permission to utilize information technology. The legislation does not apply to before works which feature the character Peter Pan such as The Little White Bird or Peter Pan in Kensington Gardens.

United States [edit]

Peachy Ormond Street Hospital (GOSH) claims that U.S. legislation effective in 1978 and once more in 1998, which extended the copyright of the play script published in 1928, gives them copyright over "Peter Pan" in general until the cease of 2023, although GOSH acknowledges that the copyright of the novel version, published in 1911, has expired in the United States.^[31]

Previously, GOSH's claim of U.S. copyright had been contested by various parties. J. E. Somma sued GOSH to allow the U.South. publication of her sequel Later on the Rain, A New Adventure for Peter Pan. GOSH and Somma settled out of court in March 2004, issuing a articulation statement in which GOSH stated the work is a valuable contribution to the field of children's literature. Somma characterised her novel – which she had argued was a critique of the original piece of work, rather than a mere derivative of it – as off-white use of the hospital's U.Southward. intellectual property rights. The suit was settled under terms of absolute secrecy. It did not set any legal precedent, even so.^[32] Disney was a long-time licensee to the blitheness rights, and cooperated with the infirmary when its copyright claim was clear, but in 2004 Disney published Dave Barry'south and Ridley Pearson's Peter and the Starcatchers in the U.S., the start of several sequels, without permission and without making royalty payments. In 2006, Top Shelf Productions published Lost Girls, a sexually explicit graphic novel featuring Wendy Darling, in the U.S., also without permission or royalties.

Other jurisdictions [edit]

The original versions of the play and novel are in the public domain in well-nigh of the globe—meet the Wikipedia listing of countries' copyright lengths—including all countries where the term of copyright is 84 years (or less) after the death of the creators.

See also [edit]

• List of works based on Peter Pan
• Peter Pan'due south Flight
• Puer aeternus

References [edit]

1. ^ ^{a b c d} Birkin, Andrew (2003) [1979]. J. One thousand. Barrie & the Lost Boys. New Haven, CT: Yale University Printing. ISBN0-300-09822-seven.
2. ^ Greenish, Roger Lancelyn (1954). Fifty Years of Peter Pan. Peter Davies Publishing.
3. ^ "'Peter Pan' at The Duke of York'southward Theatre: From the archive, 28 December 1904". The Guardian. 28 Dec 2010. ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 24 Dec 2019.
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Further reading [edit]

• Murray, Roderick. "An Clumsily Big Risk: John Crook'southward Incidental Music to Peter Pan". The Gaiety (Spring 2005): 35–36.

External links [edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Peter Pan.

• Peter and Wendy at Standard Ebooks
• Peter Pan and Wendy at Projection Gutenberg
• Peter and Wendy public domain audiobook at LibriVox
• The Story of Peter Pan: Retold From the Fairy Play at Faded Folio (Canada)
• People's memories of the Peter Pan statue
• The Victorian Web: Frampton's Peter Pan statue
• List of productions of non-musical Peter Pan (Internet Broadway Database)
• Numerous photos from productions of Peter Pan
• The Peter Pan Alphabet, 1907
• Neverpedia, a comprehensive site nearly J. Thou. Barrie and Peter Pan

smithhathand.blogspot.com

Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter_and_Wendy

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